The main causes of endodontic instrument separation include the anatomy of the root canal system, instruments-related factors, and instrumentation techniques (Fig. 1). The anatomical diversity and ...

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Root canal treatment is designed to save a natural tooth by removing infected pulp, not to cause pain. An infected tooth, often causing severe tooth pain or sensitivity, can lead to bone loss or ...

This study aimed to compare the effects of clear aligners and fixed appliances on root resorption, incisive canal (IC) morphology, and the spatial relationship between the maxillary central incisors ...