As education technology and models have evolved over recent years, data-driven learning has become a necessity. To identify effective ways of creating more customized classroom experiences, many ...

Data-driven learning (DDL) has emerged as a transformative approach in language education, harnessing the power of large textual databases to facilitate empirical insights for teaching and learning.

Data-driven approaches offer exceptional computational speed but suffer from limited interpretability and poor generalization outside training data. PINNs improve physical consistency by embedding ...