The first CMOS chip was created by Fairchild Semiconductor, presented at ISSCC in 1963. The logic topologies used in today’s textbooks originated in this work. P-type devices are slower than N-type by ...

Using just two NAND or inverter gates its possible to build a D type (or ‘toggle’) flip-flop with a push-button input. At power-up the output of gate N2 is at a logical ‘1’, ensuring that transistor T2 ...